Core features
Persistent low mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure for two weeks or more, plus changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, self-worth, and sometimes thoughts of death or suicide. Severity ranges from mild to severe; some people experience seasonal or postnatal patterns.
What helps
For mild-to-moderate depression, NICE recommends guided self-help, behavioural activation or CBT. For moderate-to-severe depression, combined psychological therapy and antidepressant medication is more effective than either alone. Regular aerobic exercise has a robust antidepressant effect.
When to seek urgent help
Any thoughts of suicide, self-harm, or feeling unsafe should prompt urgent contact with your GP, crisis line, or emergency services. Depression with psychotic features, severe weight loss, or inability to care for yourself are also urgent.